Sunday, 14 June 2015

A critical review about human exposure to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs), Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) through foods

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 55 (11), 2015, 1590-1617


Dioxins include polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and part of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Only the compounds that are chlorinated at the 2,3,7, and 8 positions have characteristic dioxin toxicity. PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs accumulate in the food chain due to their high lipophilicity, high stability, and low vapor pressure. They are not metabolized easily; however their hydroxylated metabolites are detected in feces. They cause a wide range of endocrine disrupting effects in experimental animals, wildlife, and humans. Endocrine related effects of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs on thyroid hormones, neurodevelopment and reproductive development were referenced. In addition, some studies of contamination of foods, bioaccumulation, dietary exposure assessment, as well as challenges of scientific research in these compounds were reviewed.

Saturday, 13 June 2015

A critical review about the health risk assessment of PAHs and their metabolites in foods

Critical Reviews in food science and nutrition, 55 (10), 2015, 1383-1405


Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of toxicants that are ubiquitous in the environment. These contaminants generate considerable interest, because some of them are highly carcinogenic in laboratory animals and have been implicated in breast, lung, and colon cancers in humans. Dietary intake of PAHs constitutes a major source of exposure in humans. Factors affecting the accumulation of PAHs in the diet, their absorption following ingestion, and strategies to assess risk from exposure to these hydrocarbons following ingestion have received very little attention. This review, therefore, focuses on concentrations of PAHs in widely consumed dietary ingredients along with gastrointestinal absorption rates in humans. Metabolism and bioavailability of PAHs in animal models and the processes, which influence the disposition of these chemicals, are discussed. Finally, based on intake, disposition, and tumorigenesis data, the exposure risk to PAHs from diet is presented. This information is expected to provide a framework for refinements in risk assessment of PAHs.

Friday, 12 June 2015

Toxicity evaluation of new agricultural fungicides in primary cultured cortical neurons

Environmental Research, 140, 2015, 37-44


Fungicides are crucial for food protection as well as for the production of crops of suitable quality and quantity to provide a viable economic return. Like other pesticides, fungicides are widely sprayed on agricultural land, especially in wine-growing areas, from where they can move-off after application. Furthermore, residues of these agrochemicals can remain on crops after harvest and even after some food processing operations, being a major exposure pathway. Although a relatively low toxicity has been claimed for this kind of compounds, information about their neurotoxicity is still scarce.

In the present study, nine fungicides recently approved for agricultural uses in the EU ― ametoctradin, boscalid, cyazofamid, dimethomorph, fenhexamid, kresoxim-methyl, mepanipyrim, metrafenone and pyraclostrobin ― have been evaluated for their toxicity in primary cultured mouse cortical neurons. Exposure to 0.1–100 µM for 7 days in vitro resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity in the MTT cell viability assay. Strobilurin fungicides kresoxim-methyl (KR) and pyraclostrobin (PY) were the most neurotoxic compounds (lethal concentration 50 were in the low micromolar and nanomolar levels, respectively) causing a rapid raise in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i and strong depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. KR- and PY-induced cell death was reversed by the calcium channels blockers MK-801 and verapamil, suggesting that calcium entry through NMDA receptors and voltage-operated calcium channels are involved in KR- and PY-induced neurotoxicity. These results highlight the need for further evaluation of their neurotoxic effects in vivo.

Tuesday, 9 June 2015

Effects of sugar concentration processes in grapes and wine aging on aroma compounds of sweet wines—a review

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 55(8), 2015, 1053-1073


Dessert sweet wines from Europe and North America are described in this review from two points of view: both their aroma profile and also their sensorial description. There are growing literature data about the chemical composition and sensory properties of these wines. Wines were grouped according to the production method (concentration of sugars in grapes) and to the aging process of wine (oxidative, biological, or a combination of both and aging in the bottle). It was found that wines natively sweets and wines fortified with liquors differ in their volatile compounds. Sensory properties of these wines include those of dried fruit (raisins), red berries, honey, chocolate and vanilla, which is contributing to their growing sales. However, there is still a need for scientific research on the understanding of the mechanisms for wine flavor enhancement.

Friday, 5 June 2015

Blending Local olive oils with Arbequina or Picual oils produces high quality, distinctive EVOOs

European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 2015


Arbequina and Picual are the most common olive fruit varieties cultivated in Galicia (NW Spain). However, in recent years, the interest of oil producers in autochthonous Local olive fruits has increased substantially since its oil has differentiated and peculiar characteristics, especially with respect to the aromatic and phenolic composition. The blending of Local oil (in low percentages) with Arbequina or Picual oils is assessed in this study. Quality-related indices, fatty acid composition, as well as minor compounds, such as volatiles and phenolics, were determined for both monovarietal and blending oils. Results obtained showed that the blending has the advantage of producing high quality virgin olive oil with predictable phenolic and aromatic profiles.

Thursday, 4 June 2015

Competitive adsorption/desorption of tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline on two acid soils: Stirred flow chamber experiments

Chemosphere, 134 (2015) 361-366

The objective of this work was to study the competitive adsorption/desorption of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) on two acid soils. We used the stirred flow chamber technique to obtain experimental data on rapid kinetic processes affecting the retention/release of the antibiotics. Both adsorption and desorption were higher on soil 1 (which showed the highest carbon, clay and Al and Fe oxides content) than on soil 2. Moreover, hysteresis affected the adsorption/desorption processes. Experimental data were fitted to a pseudo-first order equation, resulting qamax (adsorption maximum) values that were higher for soil 1 than for soil 2, and indicating that CTC competed with TC more intensely than OTC in soil 1. Regarding soil 2, the values corresponding to the adsorption kinetics constants (ka) and desorption kinetics constants for fast sites (kd1), followed a trend inverse to qamax and qdmax respectively. In conclusion, competition affected adsorption/desorption kinetics for the three antibiotics assayed, and thus retention/release and subsequent transport processes in soil and water environments.

Wednesday, 3 June 2015

Cr(VI) sorption/desorption on untreated and mussel-shell-treated soil materials: fractionation and effects of pH and chromium concentration

Solid Earth, 6, 373–382, 2015


We used batch-type experiments to study Cr(VI) sorption/desorption on granitic material, forest soil, pyritic material, mussel shell, and on forest soil and granitic material amended with 12 t ha−1 (1.2 kg m−2) shell, considering the effects of varying Cr(VI) concentration and pH. Sequential extractions were carried out to fractionate adsorbed Cr(VI) and to determine the stability of Cr(VI) retention. The pyritic material had the highest Cr(VI) retention capacity, whereas the granitic material showed the lowest retention potential. When high Cr concentrations were added, some saturation of the adsorbent surfaces became apparent, but Cr release remained low. The highest Cr retention was achieved at a very acid pH value, with release progressively increasing as a function of increasing pH. The amendment with 12 t ha−1 mussel shell did not cause marked changes in Cr(VI) re- tention. Sorption data were satisfactory adjusted to the Fre- undlich model. Regarding Cr(VI) fractionation, the soluble fraction (weakly bound) was dominant in mussel shell and in the unamended and amended granitic material, whereas more stable fractions dominated in the pyritic material (resid- ual fraction) and in the forest soil (oxidizable fraction). In conclusion, the pyritic material presented the highest Cr(VI) retention capacity, while the retention was low and weak on the granitic material; mussel shell was not characterized by a marked Cr(VI) retention potential, and it did not cause re- markable increase in Cr(VI) retention when used to amend the granitic material or the forest soil.

Tuesday, 2 June 2015

A model to forecast the risk periods of Plantago pollen allergy by using the ANN methodology

Aerobiologia (2015) 31:201–211


Some biological particles present in the atmosphere, such as pollen grains, give rise to human health problems, allergies, and infections. In view of the recognized special allergenic ability of Plantago pollen grains, a model based on an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed in this work in order to forecast the Plantago airborne pollen concentration. The proposed model uses data from Plantago pollen and the main meteorological variables recorded during 16 years (1993–2008) in the city of Ourense (north- west Spain). Its accuracy was tested during the years 2009 and 2010 with a prediction horizon of 2 days in advance. The model was applied in the atmosphere of the city of Ourense (Spain). Obtained results show that ANN model provides good results against other classical mathematical methodologies, which do not convergence so well. The forecasted pollen concen- trations here are applied to allergology because they allow taking into account preventive measures in risk pollinosis suffers population.

Monday, 27 April 2015

Cleavage of carbofuran and carbofuran-derivatives in micellar aggregates

Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism, 40 (2015) 105-118




In recent years, the stability of carbamate pesticides have been studied by our research group in a wide range of biomimetic microheterogeneous media such as micelles or reverse micelles. These microheterogeneous media included different surfactant species and, hence, different self-assembled structures. In particular, basic hydrolysis of carbofuran and its derivatives have been analysed in the presence of anionic, cationic, non-ionic and reverse micelles. The results obtained from these physicochemical and kinetic studies, as well as a consistent comparison of them, are now summarised.

Monday, 13 April 2015

Evaluation of the effect of fenhexamid and mepanipyrim in the volatile composition of Tempranillo and Graciano wines

Food Research International
Volume 71, May 2015, Pages 108–117


Grapes from Vitis vinifera var. Tempranillo and Graciano of La Rioja (North Central Spain) were vinified after addition of two fungicides (mepanipyrim and fenhexamid) at concentrations corresponding to their MRLs. These fungicides are commonly used in the vine growing to control botrytis disease. The fungicide effect throughout winemaking on the volatile composition and aroma profile of the final wines was evaluated, together with the level of fungicide residues in the final wines that were found to be safe for consumers. Concentrations of C13-norisoprenoids in Graciano wines obtained after the addition of both active substances showed the greatest variations with respect to control wine; whereas the concentration of volatile compounds in Tempranillo wines were seemingly unaffected by the presence of fungicide residues. On the other hand, the aroma profile of monovarietal red wines was evaluated by using odorant series which included volatile compounds with similar odour descriptors. In this sense, supplementation with the antifungals seemed to increase the OAV for the ripe fruit series with respect to the control wines in Graciano wines.

Saturday, 11 April 2015

Perspectives on the use of by-products to treat soil and water pollution

Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
Volume 210, 1 July 2015, Pages 199–201


The use of modified by-products in pollution removal is conceptually very interesting, as shown in a paper by Peng et al. (2015) recently published in Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. However, we would like to stimulate a debate on the convenience of simultaneously continuing to research on the purging potential of raw by-products and waste materials.

Friday, 10 April 2015

Kinetics of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline adsorption and desorption on two acid soils

Environmental Science and Pollution Research
January 2015, Volume 22, Issue 1, pp 425-433


The purpose of this work was to quantify retention/release of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline on two soils, paying attention to sorption kinetics and to implications of the adsorption/desorption processes on transfer of these pollutants to the various environmental compartments. We used the stirred flow chamber (SFC) procedure to achieve this goal. All three antibiotics showed high affinity for both soils, with greater adsorption intensity for soil 1, the one with the highest organic matter and Al and Fe oxides contents. Desorption was always <15 %, exhibiting strong hysteresis in the adsorption/desorption processes. Adsorption was adequately modeled using a pseudo first-order equation with just one type of adsorption sites, whereas desorption was better adjusted considering both fast and slow sorption sites. The adsorption maximum (q max ) followed the sequence tetracycline > oxytetracycline > chlortetracycline in soil 1, with similar values for the three antibiotics and the sequence tetracycline > chlortetracycline > oxytetracycline in soil 2. The desorption sequences were oxytetracycline > tetracycline > chlortetracycline in soil 1 and oxytetracycline > chlortetracycline > tetracycline in soil 2. In conclusion, the SFC technique has yielded new kinetic data regarding tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline adsorption/desorption on soils, indicating that it can be used to shed further light on the retention and transport processes affecting antibiotics on soils and other media, thus increasing knowledge on the behavior and evolution of these pharmaceutical residues in the environment.

Tuesday, 7 April 2015

Effect of crushed mussel shell addition on bacterial growth in acid polluted soils

Applied Soil Ecology
Volume 85, January 2015, Pages 65–68


We applied three different doses of crushed mussel shell (CMS) on two Cu-polluted acid soils to study the effect of these amendments on the growth of the bacterial community during 730 days. Soil pH increased in the short and medium term due to CMS addition. In a first stage, bacterial growth was lower in the CMS-amended than in the un-amended samples. Thereafter, bacterial growth increased slowly. The soil having the highest initial pH value (4.5) showed the first significant increase in bacterial growth 95 days after the CMS amendment. However, in the soil with the lowest initial pH value (3.8) bacterial growth increased significantly only after 730 days from the CMS addition. The highest dose of CMS caused that, at the end of the incubation period, pH value have increased 2 units, whereas bacterial growth was 4–10 times higher. In view of these results, CMS amendment could be considered as an agronomic sound practice for strongly acid soils (pH <4.5).

Saturday, 4 April 2015

Adsorption, desorption and fractionation of As (V) on untreated and mussel shell-treated granitic material

Solid Earth, 6 (1) 337-346 (2015)


As(V) adsorption and desorption were studied on granitic material, coarse and fine mussel shell and granitic material amended with 12 and 24 t ha−1 fine shell, investigating the effect of different As(V) concentrations and different pH as well as the fractions where the adsorbed As(V) was retained. As(V) adsorption was higher on fine than on coarse shell. Mussel shell amendment increased As(V) adsorption on granitic material. Adsorption data corresponding to the unamended and shell-amended granitic material were satisfactory fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Desorption was always <19% when the highest As(V) concentration (100 mg L−1) was added. Regarding the effect of pH, the granitic material showed its highest adsorption (66%) at pH <6, and it was lower as pH increased. Fine shell presented notable adsorption in the whole pH range between 6 and 12, with a maximum of 83%. The shell-amended granitic material showed high As(V) adsorption, with a maximum (99%) at pH near 8, but decreased as pH increased. Desorption varying pH was always <26%. In the granitic material, desorption increased progressively when pH increased from 4 to 6, contrary to what happened to mussel shell. Regarding the fractionation of the adsorbed As(V), most of it was in the soluble fraction (weakly bound). The granitic material did not show high As(V) retention capacity, which could facilitate As(V) transfer to water courses and to the food chain in case of As(V) compounds being applied on this material; however, the mussel shell amendment increased As(V) retention, making this practice recommendable.

Wednesday, 1 April 2015

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method development for monitoring stress-related corticosteroids levels in pig saliva

Journal of Chromatography B
Volume 990, 15 May 2015, Pages 158–163


Biochemical response stressors results in an increase of adrenocortical activity. Before knowing the corticosteroid levels in saliva in a stressful situation, baselines salivary levels should be established. A method for simultaneous determination of five corticosteroids was developed, validated and applied to pig saliva at farms. The method employs solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with clean-up extraction step using silica cartridge in the same step followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. The overall method quantification limits range from 0.050 to 0.30 μg/L for the enrichment of 1.0 mL saliva samples and analyte recoveries are between 60 and 90% (RSD < 11%). Some factors studied were: pig sex, breeds, and time at farm. The analytical method clearly shows that CRL and CRS levels of, respectively, 3.0 and 4.0 μg/L in saliva can be indicative of maxima non-stress levels in different pig breeds at farm.

Sunday, 29 March 2015

Contenido y distribución de cobre en suelos de viñedo de Betanzos (A Coruña, España)

Spanish Journal of Soil Science, 5 (1) 60-71, 2015


El uso sostenido de compuestos de cobre para la producción de uva ha contribuido a la acumulación pronunciada de Cu en sueños de viñedo. Se estudiaron 32 muestras superficiales (0-20 cm) de suelos dedicados al cultivo de la vid en una zona de influencia atlántica en el NW de la Península Ibérica. Los contenidos de cobre total (CuT) fueron, en general, altos y muy variables (entre 63-730 mg kg-1). Los valores son similares a los encontrados en las denominaciones de origen Ribeira Sacra y O Ribeiro, que eran las zonas vitivinícolas cuyos suelos de viñedo presentaban el mayor contenido conocido de CuT del NW peninsular hasta el momento. La distribución del Cu en la fase sólida del suelo indica que la fracción mayoritaria es la unida a la materia orgánica (18-373 mg kg-1), a diferencia de lo que ocurre en otros suelos naturales o con elementos procedentes de fuentes naturales como el Zn, donde la fracción residual es la más importante. La fracción intercambiable de Cu (CuE) fue la que mostró una mayor movilidad geoquímica y su varianza estaba principalmente relacionada con el CuT y, en menor medida, con el Ca intercambiable. Cuando se compara con un elemento predominantemente de origen natural, como es el Zn, la distribución también es muy diferente, ya que la fracción residual es la mayoritaria para el Zn (mientras que era la unida a la materia orgánica en el caso del Cu). Finalmente, las prácticas agrícolas encaminadas a mantener o mejorar la presencia de materia orgánica en los suelos de viñedo son de especial relevancia, puesto que contribuyen a disminuir los posibles efectos tóxicos de los altos contenidos de Cu, tanto en la vid como en la actividad de los microorganismos del suelo.

Thursday, 26 March 2015

Un campus aberto á auga... e á sociedade



A seca, o aumento da poboación, a sobreexplotación económica e a mala xestión dos recursos teñen convertido a falta de auga potable nun grave problema planetario. Os expertos prevén que de manterse o ritmo de consumo no 2025 o 60% dos habitantes da Terra vivirá en rexións con escaseza "e nos temos tanta auga que non lle damos valor a ser o lugar de Europa con maior potencial de auga quente, un tesouro termal do que queremos sacar partido e polo que escollemos este ben no noso camiño de especialización". Así llo explicou o reitor da Universidade de Vigo, Salustiano Mato, aos máis de 160 estudantes e docentes que participaron nos actos de conmemoración do Día Mundial da Auga no campus de Ourense, que se celebrou cunha xornada de portas abertas con multitude de actividades para achegar á cidadanía "o que se está a facer no campus", así como o proceso de especialización no que está inmerso co Campus da Auga.

Os rapaces e rapazas do IES 12 de Outubro e dos colexios Salesianos, Santa Teresa de Jesús-Carmelitas e Divina Pastora-Franciscanas achegáronse ás diferentes titulacións que se imparten nos centros e ás liñas de investigación que se están a desenvolver ao abeiro deste campus de especialización en sesións tanto teóricas como prácticas nos laboratorios de Microbioloxía da Facultade de Ciencias e de Arqueoloxía da Facultade de Historia. "Queremos que se nos coñeza co apelido ‘auga’, porque detrás está o futuro ao ser un sector relacionado co termalismo, coa dinamización social e co potencial económico", salientou o reitor, que asegurou que o medio ambiente, a natureza e a alimentación son outras das “marcas” que se agochan tras o campus de Ourense. "Detrás da auga tamén está o noso potencial tecnolóxico e temos que pensar nas nosas capacidades para que este elemento sexa o eixo sobre o que pivotar o noso futuro económico", subliñou durante a inauguración dunhas xornadas que naceron con intención de continuidade.

O vicerreitor, Virxilio Rodríguez, fíxolles aos participantes unha radiografía do campus, con máis de 4000 estudantes e 400 empregados "implicados" no seu crecemento, ademais de explicarlles o proceso de especialización co que Ourense pretende pasar a liderar a investigación e a docencia internacional sobre auga no que están implicados todos os centros do campus. "Espero que sexa unha xornada que serva para orientar o voso futuro académico e para inclinar a balanza cara esta universidade", recalcou. Tras o acto inaugural, presentación das titulacións por parte dos seis decanos e directores dos centros que configuran o campus ourensán, da programación cultural e deportiva e de proxectos de investigación relacionados coa auga, como os desenvolvidos polo grupo EPhysLab ou os que relacionan auga e historia.

Da teoría á práctica
Tras facer varios experimentos en diferentes laboratorios do campus, os participantes volveron a xuntarse no salón de actos Marie Curie do Edificio Politécnico para a entrega de premios do concurso de fotorrelato Auga con Historia, no que os estudantes de Secundaria e Bacharelato debían presentar unha fotografía acompañada dun texto que promovera ou visibilizara o patrimonio artístico, etnográfico, cultural... relacionado coa auga. O xurado decidiu declarar deserto o primeiro e segundo premio e outorgar o terceiro a Iria Ollero, do Colexio Marista Santa María, por Muíños de auga. Luces e sombras. Ademais, entregaron un accésit a Andrea Barja, do Colexio Concepción Arenal, pola obra A auga, a razón pola que estamos aquí. As galardoadas, xunto co diploma e a mención, levaron un lote de libros cedidos pola Deputación de Ourense e dúas tablets, unha dada polo Concello e outra pola empresa tecnolóxica Primux.

Creado polas Nacións Unidas para chamar a atención sobre a importancia da auga doce e a defensa da xestión sostible destes recursos, o Día Mundial da Auga debe servir para resaltar que a sociedade atópase ante "o gran reto do século XXI, xa que aínda hai 1500 millóns de habitantes que sofren dalgunha forma pola falta de auga potable. E ninguén mellor que a Universidade de Vigo para traballar para que a auga sexa un ben sostible", como explicou Rosendo Fernández, vicepresidente da Deputación provincial, durante a clausura, na que tamén estiveron presentes o concelleiro de Termalismo de Ourense, José Ángel Barquero, e un representante de Primux, Manuel Lama.

Fuente: DUVI

Wednesday, 25 March 2015

Pedro Araújo, premio ao seu traballo coa auga



Un galardón a toda unha traxectoria dedicada a traballar, protexer e estudar as diferentes formas de conservar a pureza e potabilidade da auga. Esta foi unha das razóns pola que o proxecto O Bosque Máxico entregou este martes ao decano da Facultade de Ciencias do campus de Ourense, Pedro Araújo, o seu premio Ouro Azul, co que tamén se lle quixo recoñecer os seus estudos no Campus da Auga. Unha mención "ilusionante" da que se sinte orgulloso e que o anima a seguir traballando en proxectos de investigación con augas termais, tarefa que retomará tras deixar o cargo ao rematar este segundo mandato ao fronte do centro. 

O seu próximo proxecto será determinar as temperaturas de almacén das augas termais, a temperatura máxima que acadan en profundidade antes de subir á superficie, pero tamén ten en mente a procura de zonas termais coa axuda de drones e cámaras termográficas coa Deputación de Ourense.

Fuente: DUVI
Foto: Faro de Vigo

Thursday, 19 March 2015

Raquel Rodríguez analiza na súa tese a composición das bebidas tradicionais derivadas da augardente




Son moitas as comidas copiosas que acaban cun chopo dalgún licor de herbas, confiando nunha capacidade dixestiva outorgada normalmente por tradición. Sen embargo, unha investigación da Universidade de Vigo en colaboración co Consello Regulador de Augardentes e Licores de Galicia acaba de demostrar “que o seu consumo moderado pode achegar características beneficiosas para a saúde a través das materias primas das que parte”. Así o asegura Raquel Rodríguez, que na súa tese de doutoramento abordou por primeira vez o proceso de elaboración de bebidas derivadas da augardente dende os seus ingredientes ata o produto final para atopar a combinación de herbas máis axeitada a cada receita.

Grazas a esta investigación, as empresas dedicadas ao eido das augardentes e licores poden facerse unha idea de que características achegar á bebida final que se pretende elaborar “reducindo custes e tempo”. Por iso, a tese inclúe unha serie de fichas coas propiedades sensoriais e medicinais de cada unha das plantas do estudo que poden ser moi útiles para saber que compostos vexetais empregar en función do que se queira achegar ao produto comercial, que especie de carballo ou que grao de tostado sería máis axeitado en función das características que “lle queiramos dar á bebida final sabendo as propiedades de partida da nosa augardente”.

O fiúncho pode ser canceríxeno

Este estudo, levado a cabo ao abeiro do grupo de Biotecnoloxía Alimentaria do campus de Ourense, integrado no CIA, serve para coñecer o que cada unha das plantas utilizadas achega aos licores xa que, aínda que a maioría van acompañadas de propiedades aromáticas e medicinais con efectos positivos como antioxidantes, algunhas levan compostos “pouco beneficiosos para a saúde humana en elevadas concentracións”. É o caso do aceite esencial ou do extracto de folla de eucalipto, que debido ao seu composto químico máis abundante, o eucaliptol, non se debe superar un límite de inxestión diaria, ou de fiúncho, que presentou como principal quimiotipo o estragol, un composto considerado como canceríxeno. 

Nos laboratorios do Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación (CITI) ourensán, esta química partiu da análise das plantas aromáticas coas que se fabrican os diferentes licores de herbas e augardentes, estudando a composición volátil e fenólica do aceite esencial ou do extracto empregado por medio de diferentes técnicas tradicionais e actuais. O estudo céntrase nas 12 plantas permitidas ata 2012 na elaboración destas bebidas, ano no que se autorizou o uso de calquera especie complementaria, e sabendo que é obrigatorio o uso de polo menos tres plantas para obter o selo do Consello Regulador. 

Rodríguez caracterizou os aceites esenciais e os extractos destas plantas mediante técnicas cromatográficas e espectroscópicas. Desta análise concluíuse que “distintas familias de plantas achegan diferentes características á augardente e ao licor final e que, aínda que dentro da mesma familia a achega de compostos é parecido, a súa proporción cambia segundo sexa o seu quimiotipo principal”, dando pé a distintas propiedades. “Se queremos obter un licor con diferentes características teremos que utilizar compostos vexetais de distintas familias, pero se buscamos un licor con características similares escolleremos plantas da mesma rama”, asegura.

A concentración da planta, o que máis inflúe

Dentro da tese de doutoramento, dirixida por Sandra Cortés e José Manuel Domínguez, a investigadora quixo tamén analizar o proceso de elaboración dos licores e augardentes, avaliando a influencia de parámetros como a concentración do composto vexetal na bebida, a porcentaxe de etanol e mesmo o tempo de maduración. Para a maceración, Rodríguez escolleu as flores da manzanilla, as folla do eucalipto, as semente de coandro e raíz de regalicia para analizar o contido fenólico total, parámetros de cor e quimiotipo. Os resultados demostraron que os parámetros que máis influían de forma xeral eran “en primeiro lugar a concentración da planta seguido da porcentaxe de etanol no augardente empregado, mentres que o tempo de maceración foi unha variable sen apenas influencia”.

Rodríguez levou a cabo o mesmo proceso co envellecemento acelerado da augardente, empregando labras de madeira, que actualmente non están permitidas para este proceso pero que “poden ser de utilidade para avaliar que especia de barrica ou que tostado é o máis axeitado en función das características que se busquen”. E fíxoo con dúas especies de carballo (o Quercus petraea e o Quercus alba) e con distintos graos de tostado (fresco, lixeiro, medio e alto). Os resultados reflicten que, para obter maiores achegas de whiskey lactona e de vainilla como compostos con importancia sensorial procedente da madeira en contacto, de fenoles e de parámetros de cor hai que aumentar a concentración da planta empregada e apostar “por labras da especie petrae e o tostado medio”.

Analizando produtos comerciais

A investigación rematou co estudo do produto final a través da análise de licores e augardentes comerciais e envellecidos en barricas de Quercus alba, Quercus petraea e Quercus robur das rexións de Limousin e Galicia e a mestura de ambas. Como resultado obtívose a potencialidade do carballo galego debido ao maior extracto de compostos fenólicos con características antioxidantes, ademais de recibir a maior puntuación por parte do panel oficial de Oruxo de Galicia na cata levada a cabo en todas as mostras. Ademais, as mostras analizadas presentaban valores dentro intervalo legal marcado polo Consello Regulador de Augardentes e Licores de Galicia, o que corrobora “unha boa elaboración destas bebidas durante todo o proceso”.

Fuente: DUVI

Tuesday, 24 February 2015

A model to forecast the risk periods of Plantago pollen allergy by using the ANN methodology

Aerobiología (2015)


Some biological particles present in the atmosphere, such as pollen grains, give rise to human health problems, allergies, and infections. In view of the recognized special allergenic ability of Plantago pollen grains, a model based on an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed in this work in order to forecast the Plantago airborne pollen concentration. The proposed model uses data from Plantago pollen and the main meteorological variables recorded during 16 years (1993–2008) in the city of Ourense (northwest Spain). Its accuracy was tested during the years 2009 and 2010 with a prediction horizon of 2 days in advance. The model was applied in the atmosphere of the city of Ourense (Spain). Obtained results show that ANN model provides good results against other classical mathematical methodologies, which do not convergence so well. The forecasted pollen concentrations here are applied to allergology because they allow taking into account preventive measures in risk pollinosis suffers population.